Home

Cethosia cyane

Cethosia cyane. Photo: Ullasa

The IISER-TVM Centre for Research & Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) is part of the School of Biology, IISER Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM). The centre currently consists of more than about 25 researchers and students under two research labs

 

______________________________________

 

RESEARCH

Apis. Photo: Maciej A. Czyzewski

Apis. Photo: Maciej A. Czyzewski

Our research spans the following themes

  • Co-evolutionary interactions between
    • Plants and pollinators
    • Insect and hostplants
    • Prey and predators
  • Sensory Ecology
  • Animal Behaviour
  • Phylogenetics and Comparative work
  • Population genetics, phylogeography and biogeography
  • Landscape ecology
  • Plant reproductive strategies

 

Study systems

Stegodaphys_sarasinorum_BharathP

Marked Stegodaphys sarasinorum with Apis cerana. Photo: Bharat Parthasarathy

Our work is primarily question-based, rather than organism-based, and current study systems include

  • Insects (primarily butterflies and bees)
  • Social spiders (Stegodyphus sarasinorum)
  • Plants
  • Reptiles

We also work on questions at the level of landscape/community:

  • Myristica swamps
  • Rocky plateaus of Northern Western Ghats
  • Deciduous forests in Bhimashanker

 

Ongoing research projects

The Vanasiri and BEE group websites have more detailed information on respective research projects. Below is a sample of ongoing projects

Memecylon

Memecylon. Photo: Ullasa

  • Landscape ecology and pollinators of Myristica swamps.
  • Evolution of sociality in spiders
  • Spatio-temporal dynamics of diversification of hyper-diverse taxa
  • Sensory ecology of honey bee vision
  • Hostplant ecology of Acraea butterflies
  • Phylogenetics  and biogeography of plants of the Western Ghat
  • Phenotypic plasticity in satyrine butterflies in relation to seasonal environments
  • Macroevolutionary dynamics of lizard colour patterns
  • Diversification of uropeltid snakes in the Indian subcontinent
  • Geneflow and divergence across rocky plateaus in the Northern Western Ghats

 

Collaborators

Uropeltis madurensis. Photo: Vivek P Cyriac

We collaborate actively with many research groups.

Funding

Myristica_fragrans_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097

Myristica fragrans: From Köhler’s Medizinal Pflanzen

Our research is funded by

  • Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
  • Department of Science and Technology (DST)
  • Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
  • UKIERI (India-United Kingdom)
  • The Royal Society (United Kingdom)
  • DST-RFBR (India-Russia)
  • IISER Thiruvananthapuram

Our masters and PhD students are regularly funded through international travel grants by various national and international agencies to attend conferences, for collaborative project visits, etc. IISER Thiruvananthapuram also supports travel for one international visit by each PhD student.

______________________________________

RESEARCH FACILITIES

ICREEE has excellent facilities for many kinds of ecological and evolutionary research projects. We have several growth chambers for controlled-environment experiments, outdoor nethouse facilities for rearing insects & experiments, rooms for indoor experiments, molecular labs for genotyping work, a microscopy unit, high-speed videography equipment, etc. We also have nethouses and large outdoor enclosures for experiments. The campus is located at Vithura, ca. 45 km from Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the state of Kerala. This mountainous, rainforested region in the southern India is part of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, with high diversity and endemism. The campus of about 200 acres includes substantial streches of semi-evergreen, mixed-deciduous and riparian jungle. The reserved forest adjoining our campus is contiguous with one of the best tracts of primary rainforest in India – the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, which includes the Peppara, Neyyara & Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries, as well as the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. The campus therefore serves as a splendid laboratory for field-based experiments. Moreover, the rich biodiversity within and around the campus provides many model systems for experimental work.

Here are some images from the IISER Thiruvananthapuram campus


Previous Image
Next Image

info heading

info content

______________________________________

 

JOIN US

We welcome inquiries from motivated students and postdocs interested in joining us. We are open to interns (IISER-TVM and external), PhD students and Postdoctoral Fellows. For more detailed information please refer to respective ‘Openings/Join Us’ pages of BEE Lab and Vanasiri.

______________________________________

 

VISIT US

We are a small group and welcome the opportunity to interact with other researchers in Ecology and Evolution. You can visit us, for instance, to…

  • Give a research seminar
  • Use our campus for part of your field or laboratory based research.
  • Collaborate with one of us

Depending on the nature of your visit/projects, we can help with accommodation.

If interested in visiting, write to either Hema or Ullasa.

 

______________________________________

 

PUBLICATIONS

Accepted/Advance Online

Balasubramaniam KN, Marty PR …14 other authors…, Kodandaramaiah U & Brenda McCowan. Impact of Individual Demographic and Social Factors on Human-Wildlife Interactions: A Comparative Study of Three Macaque Species. Scientific Reports. Accepted Dec 2020.

Amarasinghe P, Joshi S, Page N, Wijedasa LS, Stone RD, Kathriarachchi H, Merello M, Judd W, Kodandaramaiah U & Cellinese N. Evolution and biogeography of Memecylon. American Journal of Botany. Accepted Dec 2020.

Mayekar HV & Kodandaramaiah U. Partially coupled reaction norms of pupal colour and spot size in a butterfly. Evolutionary Ecology. Accepted Nov 2020

Dani KGS, Mathew J, Nila-Mohan TM, Antony R, Suresh S & Kodandaramaiah U. Pores vs Spores: Competition between photosynthesis and reproduction is constrained by leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in ferns. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Accepted Nov 2020

Balamurali GS, Rose S, Somanathan H & Kodandaramaiah U. Complex multi-modal sensory integration and context specificity in colour preferences of a pierid butterfly. Journal of Experimental Biology. Accepted 5 May 2020. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223271

Cyriac VP & Kodandaramaiah U Warning signals promote morphological diversification in fossorial uropeltid snakes (Squamata: Uropeltidae) Zoological Journal of the Linnaen Society. Accepted 8 May 2020

2020

Somanathan H, Krishna S, Jos EM, Gowda V, Kelber A, Borges RM. 2020. Nocturnal bees feed on diurnal leftovers and pay the price of day-night lifestyle transition. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.566964

Balasubramaniam KN, Marty PR, Arlet ME, Beisner BA, Kaburu SSK, Bliss-Moreau E, Kodandaramaiah U & McCowan B (2020) Impact of anthropogenic factors on affiliative behaviors among bonnet macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 171: 704-717. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24013

Dubey, S, Joshi CH, Veer S, Uma D, Somanathan H, Majumdar S, Pullarkat PA (2020) Strain softening and stiffening responses of spider silk fibers probed using a Micro-Extension Rheometer. Soft Matter 16: 487-493

Kodandaramaiah U, Palathingal S, Kurup GB & Murali G (2020) What makes motion dazzle markings effective against predation? Behavioral Ecology 31: 43-53. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz154/5574705

Marty PR, Balasubramaniam KN, Kaburu SSK, Hubbard J, Beisner B, Bliss-Moreau E, Ruppert N, Arlet ME, Sah SAM, Ismail A, Mohan L, Rattan SK, Kodandaramaiah U & McCowan B. Individuals in urban dwelling primate species face unequal benefits associated with living in an anthropogenic environment. Primates 61: 249–255. DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00775-4

Molleman F, Halali S & Kodandaramaiah U (2020) Oviposition preference predicts larval survival in the grass-feeding butterfly Melanitis leda (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). European Journal of Entomology 117: 1-17. DOI: 10.14411/eje.2020.001

Molleman F, Halali S & Kodandaramaiah U. Brief mating behavior at dawn and dusk and long nocturnal matings in the butterfly Melanitis leda. Journal of Insect Behavior. 33:138-147. DOI: 10.1007/s10905-020-09753-x

Molleman F, Javoiš J, Davis R, Whitaker M……..Kodandaramaiah U, ……& Carey J (2020) Quantifying the effects of species traits on predation risk in nature: a comparative study of butterfly wing damage. Journal of Animal Ecology 89: 716-729. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13139

Murali G & Kodandaramaiah U (2020) Size and unpredictable movement together affect the effectiveness of dynamic flash coloration. Animal Behaviour 162: 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.02.002

Parthasarathy B & Somanathan H. 2019. When and why do sit-and-wait social spiders disperse? Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 66: 15-25. DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191068

2019

Balamurali GS, Edison A, Somanathan H, Kodandaramaiah U. Spontaneous colour preferences and colour learning in the fruit-feeding butterfly, Mycalesis mineus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.73: 39. DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2648-1

Cyriac VP & Kodandaramaiah U. 2019. Don’t waste your time: Predators avoid prey with conspicuous colors that signal long handling time. Evolutionary Ecology 33:625-636 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-09998-9

Cyriac VP & Kodandaramaiah U. 2019. Conspicuous colours reduce predation rates in fossorial uropeltid snakes. PeerJ. 14: e7508 10.7717/peerj.7508

Dani KGS & Kodandaramaiah U. 2019. Ageing in trees: Role of body size optimization in demographic senescence. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 36: 41-51 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2018.10.002

de Ibarra NH, Somanathan H. 2019. How are pollinators guided by colourful floral structures? A commentary on Ison et al. (2019). Annals of Botany (in press)

Dogra H & Dani KGS. 2019. Defining features of age‐specific fertility and seed quality in senescing indeterminate annuals. American Journal of Botany. DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1265

Halali D, Krishna A, Kodandaramaiah U & Molleman F. Lizards as predators of butterflies: shape of wing damage and effects of eyespots. Journal of Lepidopterist’s Society 73: 78–86

Kelber A & Somanathan H. 2019. Spatial vision and visually guided behavior in Apidae. Insects 10: 418. DOI: 10.3390/insects10120418

Murali G, Kumari K & Kodandaramaiah U. 2019. Dynamic colour change and the confusion effect against predation. Scientific Reports. 9:274.

Molleman F, Javoiš J, Davis R, Whitaker M……..Kodandaramaiah U, ……& Carey J. Quantifying the effects of species traits on predation risk in nature: a comparative study of butterfly wing damage. Journal of Animal Ecology. Accepted (Sept 2019). DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13139

Nicholls E, Krishna S, Wright O, Stabler D, Krefft A, Somanathan H,  de Ibarra NH. 2019. A matter of taste: the adverse effect of pollen compounds on the pre-ingestive gustatory experience of sugar solutions for bees. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. doi: 10.1007/s00359-019-01347-z

Parthasarathy B & Somanathan H. 2019. Behavioural responses vary with prey species in the social spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum. Behavioural Ecology DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz032

Parthasarathy B, Joshi CH, Sreedharan S & Somanathan H. 2019. Early ontogenic emergence of personality and its long term persistence in a social spider. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. doi:10.1007/s00265-019-2645-4

Somanathan H, Saryan P, Balamurali GS. 2019. Foraging strategies and physiological adaptations in large carpenter bees. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. Special Issue: Insects and Flowers. doi:10.1007/s00359-019-01323-7

 

2018

Aduse-Poku K, Molleman F, Odura W, Oppong SK, Lohman DJ & Etienne RS. 2018. Relative contribution of neutral and deterministic processes in shaping fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in Afrotropical forests. Ecology and Evolution 8: 296-308. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3618

Bailey RI, Molleman F, Vasseur C & Prinzig A. 2018. Large body size constrains dispersal assembly of communities even across short distances. Scientific Reports 10911. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29042-0

Balamurali GS, Nicholls E, Somanathan H & de Ibarra NH. 2018. A comparative analysis of colour preferences in temperate and tropical social bees. The Science of Nature 105: 8. DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1531-z

Cyriac VP & Kodandaramaiah U. 2018. Digging their own macroevolutionary grave: Fossoriality as an evolutionary dead-end in snakes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31: 587-598. DOI: 10.1111/jeb.132481

Cyriac VP, Johny A, Umesh PK & Palot MJ. 2018. Description of two new species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Zootaxa 4459: 85-100. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.1.3

Kodandaramaiah U & Murali G (equal contribution). 2018. What affects power to estimate speciation rate shifts? PeerJ 6:e5495. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5495/

Kodandaramaiah U, Braby MF, Grund R, Müller CJ & Wahlberg N . 2018. Phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and diversification of Coenonymphina butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a Gondwanan relict group? Systematic Entomology 43: 798-809. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12303

Krishna S & Somanathan H. 2018. Intersexual mimicry and flowering phenology facilitate pollination in a dioecious habitat specialist species, Myristica fatua (Myristicaceae). Plant Ecology 219: 1247-1257. DOI: 10.1007/s11258-018-0875-6

Molleman F. 2018. Moving beyond phenology: new directions in the study of temporal dynamics of tropical insect communities. Current Science 114: 1-5. DOI: 10.18520/cs/v114/i05/982-986

Murali G. 2018. Now you see me, now you don’t: Dynamic flash coloration as an anti-predator strategy in motion. Animal Behaviour 142: 207-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.06.017

Murali G & Kodandaramaiah U. 2018. Body size and evolution of motion dazzle coloration in lizards. Behavioral Ecology 29: 79–86. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx128

Murali G, Merilaita S & Kodandaramaiah U. 2018. Grab my tail: Evolution of dazzle stripes and colourful tails in lizards. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13364

Parthasarathy B  & Somanathan H. 2018. A method for accurately estimating social spider numbers without colony damage. The Journal of Arachnology 46: 373-375. DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-17-075.1

Parthasarathy B & Somanathan H. 2018. Body condition and food shapes group dispersal but not solitary dispersal in a social spider.
Behavioral Ecology 3: 619-627. DOI: doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary013

Sahoo RK, Lohman DJ, Wahlberg N, Müller CJ, Brattström O, Collins SC, Peggie D, Aduse-Poku K & Kodandaramaiah U. 2018. Evolution of Hypolimnas butterflies (Nymphalidae): Out-of-Africa origin and Wolbachia-mediated introgression. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 123: 50-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.001

Sahoo RK & Kodandaramaiah. Local host plant abundance explains negative association between larval performance and female oviposition preference in a butterfly. 2018. Biological Journal of the Linnaen Society 125: 333-343. DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly111/5090298

2017

Cyriac VP & Kodandaramaiah U. 2017. Paleoclimate determines diversification patterns in the fossorial snake family Uropeltidae Cuvier, 1829. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 116: 97-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.017

Dani KGS & Kodandaramaiah U. 2017. Plant and animal reproductive strategies: Lessons from offspring size and number tradeoffs. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5:38. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00038

Dani KGS & Loreto F. 2017. Trade-off between dimethyl sulfide and isoprene emissions from marine phytoplankton. Trends in Plant Science. 22: 361-372. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.006

Dani KGS, Marino G, Taiti C, Mancuso S, Atwell BJ, Loreto F & Centritto M. 2017. De novo post-illumination monoterpene burst in Quercus ilex. Planta DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2636-x

Dani KGS, Silva AM, Michelozzi M, Peluso G, Torzillo G & Loreto F. 2017. Relationship between isoprene emission and photosynthesis in diatoms: Implications for global marine emission estimates. Marine Chemistry. 189: 17-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2016.12.005

Mayekar HV & Kodandaramaiah U. 2017. Pupal colour plasticity in a tropical butterfly, Mycalesis mineus (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). PLoS ONE 12(2): e0171482. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171482

Sahoo RK, Warren AD, Collins SC, Kodandaramaiah U. 2017. Hostplant change and paleoclimatic events explain diversification shifts in skipper butterflies (Family: Hesperiidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 17:174. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1016-x

Sahoo RK. 2017. Digest: Ancient co-dispersals and host shifts in passerine bird–feather mite symbiosis. Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/evo.13330

Somanathan H, Borges RM, Warrant EJ, Kelber A. 2017. Visual adaptations for mate detection in the male Carpenter bee Xylocopa tenuiscapa. PLoS One 12 (1), e0168452. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168452

Tiatragula S, Murali G & Stroud JT. 2017. Digest: Different evolutionary dynamics led to the convergence of clinging performance in lizard toepads. Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/evo.13338

van Bergen E, Osbaldeston D, Kodandaramaiah U, Brattström O, Aduse-poku K, Brakefield PM. 2017. Conserved patterns of integrated developmental plasticity in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies.  BMC Evolutionary Biology 17:59. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0907-1

2016

Arlet M, Veromann LL, Mand R & Lemasson A. 2016. Call rates of mothers change with maternal experience and with infant characteristics in free-ranging gray-cheeked mangabeys. American Journal of Primatology. DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22568

Lemasson A, Jubin R, Masataka N & Arlet M. 2016. Copying hierarchical leaders’ voices? Acoustic plasticity in female Japanese macaques. Scientific Reports 16(6):21289.

Aduse-poku K, Lees DC, Brattström O, Kodandaramaiah U, Wahlberg N & Brakefield PM. 2016. Molecular phylogeny and generic-level taxonomy of the widespread palaeotropical ‘Heteropsis clade’ (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Mycalesina). Systematic Entomology. 41: 717–731. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12183

Bacquet PMB, de Jong MA ……… Molleman F, ……………..Nieberding. 2016. Differentiation in putative male sex pheromone components across and within populations of the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana as a potential driver of reproductive isolation. Ecology and Evolution. 6: 6064-6084. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2298

Borges RM, Somanathan H, Kelber A. 2016. Patterns and Processes in Nocturnal and Crepuscular Pollination Services. Quarterly Review of Biology 91: 389-418, DOI: 10.1086/689481

Holm S, Davis RB, Javoiš J, Õunap E, Molleman F, Kaasik A. Tammaru T. 2016. A comparative perspective on longevity: the effect of body size dominates over ecology in moths. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29: 2422-2435. DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12966

Krishna S & Somanathan H. 2016. Spatiotemporal strategies that facilitate recruitment in a habitat specialist tree species. AoB Plants. plw033.

Molleman F, Depoilly A, Vernon P, Muller J, Bailey R, Jarzabek-Muller A & Prinzing A. 2016. The island rule of body size demonstrated on individual hosts: phytophagous click-beetle species grow larger and predators smaller on phylogenetically isolated trees. Journal of Biogeography 43 (7): 1388–1399. DOI:10.1111/jbi.12725

Murali G & Kodandaramaiah U. 2016. Deceived by stripes: Conspicuous patterning on vital anterior body parts can redirect predatory strikes to expendable posterior organs. Royal Society Open Science. 3(6): 160057. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160057

Ramesh A, Vijayan S, Sreedharan S, Somanathan S & Uma D. Similar yet different: differential response of a praying mantis to ant-mimicking spiders. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 119: 158–165. DOI: 10.1111/bij.12793

Sahoo RK. 2016. Why antagonistic traits against Cytoplasmic Incompatibility are so elusive. Frontiers in Microbiology 7:392. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00392

Sahoo RK, Warren AD, Wahlberg N, Brower AVZ, Lukhtanov VA, Kodandaramaiah U. 2016. Higher level relationships among skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) resolved by ten genes. PeerJ 4:e2653. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2653

Simões BF, Sampaio F, …………….. Kodandaramaiah U,…………. & Gower DJ. 2016. Visual pigments, ocular filters and the evolution of snake vision. Molecular Biology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw148

van Bergen E, Barlow H, Brattström O, Griffiths H, Kodandaramaiah U, Osborne C & Brakefield PM. 2016. The stable isotope ecology of mycalesine butterflies: implications for plant-insect co-evolution. Functional Ecology 30: 1936-1946 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12673

Zachariah A, Cyriac VP, Chandramohan B, Ansil BR, Mathew KM, Raju DV & Abraham RK. 2016. Two new species of Raorchestes (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Silent Valley National Park in the Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats, India. Salamandra. 52: 63-76. PDF

2015

Abraham RK, Mathew JK, Cyriac VP, Zachariah A, Raju DV & Zachariah, A. 2015. A novel third species of the Western Ghats endemic genus Ghatixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of its tadpole. Zootaxa 4048(1):101-113.

Abraham RK, Zachariah A & Cyriac VP. 2015. A reappraisal of the rhacophorid bush frog Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882), with an evaluation of the taxonomic status of R. emeraldi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu and Shankar, 2014. Zootaxa 4048(1):90-1

Aduse-Poku K, Brattström O, Kodandaramaiah U, Lees DC, Brakefield PM & Wahlberg N. 2015. Systematics and historical biogeography of the Old World butterfly subtribe Mycalesina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15:167. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0449-3

Arlet M, Jubin R, Masataka N & Lemasson A. 2015. Grooming-at-a-distance by exchanging calls in non-human primates. Biology Letters 11(10).

Balamurali GS, Somanathan H & de Ibarra NH. 2015. Motion cues improve the performance of harnessed bees in a colour learning task. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 201 (5): 505-511.

Balamurali GS, S Krishna & Somanathan H. Senses and signals: evolution of floral signals, pollinator sensory systems and the structure of plant–pollinator interactions. Current Science 108(10): 1852

Beleyur T, Bellur DU & Somanathan H. 2015. Long-term behavioural consistency in prey capture but not in web maintenance in a social spider. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 69(6):1019-1028.

Mukherjee R & Kodandaramaiah U. 2015. What makes eyespots intimidating – The importance of pairedness. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 34. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0307-3

Olofsson M, Wiklund C & Favati A. 2015. On the deterring effect of a butterfly’s eyespot in juvenile and sub-adult chickens. Current Zoology 61(4): 749–757.

Varma V, Ratnam J, Viswananthan V, Osuri AM, Biesmeijer JC, Madhusudhan MD, …………, Somanathan H, Srinivasan U, Sundaram B. 2015. Perceptions of priority issues in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in India. Biological Conservation 187: 201-211

2014

Krishna S & Somanathan H. 2014. Secondary removal of Myristica fatua (Myristicaceae) seeds by crabs in Myristica swamp forests in India. Journal of Tropical Ecology 30(3): 259-263.